Hi
can any one help me with these questions


1 regarding pulmonary function vc( vital capacity) was 4.8L
FEV1(forced expiratoty volume in 1st second) 2.4
a the patient have obstructive lung disease
b the patient have restructive lund disease
c the subject is a small sized female
d or an athlete

p.s the law is fev/vc %
so it's 50 % which make the patient have obstructive lucg disease but how can I know if it was male of female from such details ??


2 regarding vision
a.blind spot is lateral to the point of fixation
b.the visual acuity is affected by the errors of refraction
c.direct light reflex depends on the integrity of the occipitl cortex
d.a dichromat is a person who is a color blind to one primary color .

3 regarding osmotic fragility
a red cells swell in 150mM NaC solution
b fragility increase in congenital spherocytosis
c 150mM nacl solution is hypotonic solution
d normal fragility begins at 0.33 % NaClsolutions
(plz with the explanation)

4regarding pcv
a pcv of 40 % means that 40% of hb is in the red cells

5regarding wbc count
a the count is hiegher in the after noon than the morning
b the nuclei of white cell are actually counted &not the cells themselves

6 regarding blood groups
a group B is the most freuqeunt blood grioup
b the severity of arythroblastosis fetalis depends on the titer of anti Rh
antibodies in maternal blood .

7regarding hemostasis
a prolonged clotting time indicates abnormality in vessel wall
b classical hemophilia .the intrinsic pathway is affected

8 regarding sensory pathway
a post. colum carries second order neurons
b latral spinothalamic tract carries sesation of pain and temprature
c sense of vibration is the first sensation to disappear in lesions of the post. colum
d left spinothalamic tract carries sensation from the right side of the body

9 if QRS complex is positive in lead I and negative in lead III the mean electrical axis is between ?
a o _ -60
b 30 _60
c 60_90
d 90_120

dear doctor hanan
i will help you with the things that i know and sure of them only
regarding the first question
the vital capacity is within normal ,,,normaly 4.8 L
the Forced expiratory volume in the first second FEV1 should be about 80% of the total volume and memorize it like this,,,if you want to blow a candle...you will take a full inspiration which is VC and FEV1 would be ,,you blow the much force you can in the first 1 sec and that would be 80% of the colume of the air you inspired...
so only 2.4 is very little...
if FEV1 < 80% this is obstructive lung disease...if > 80% it is a restrictive lung disease,,
as simple as this
the female and the athlets are only here to disturb you and you are BA6ALa and don't be disturbed..ok?
hope i could help you with this

regarding the osmotic fragility
in spherocytosis the fragility is increased
when we place a normal RBC in a hypotonic solution (low Na and high water) the RBC will swell but not rupture cuz it is biconcave and have enough wall to swell...
but in spherocytosis, it is already swell to the maximum and will rupture as soon as you put it in a hypotonic solution and this is the principle of the osmotic fragility test...so the spherocytic cell will hemolyse rapidly as you put them in hypotonic solution..

these are the answers what i am 100% sure about them...for the others, just give me some time to check them and let you know

salam

thanx for your time and effort
and anything u have any clue about plz do tell me
specially before thursday

P.S

I have to answer them ! but I dont know how am not psychic

physiological blind spot z lateral 2 the point of fixation

both are absolutely srong
i will try to find the answers

Hey

Thanx for your effort
I did the exam Mission is accomplished